User-Centered innovation distinguishes between desired and delivered added-value.
Within user-centered innovation it is useful to employ concepts that can be used for both humans and machines. The concept of ‘added-value’ is useful here: it now becomes possible to describe how machines and humans cooperate. Thus, we can analyse the (mis)match between delivered and desired added-value between a machine and a human, and vice versa. And between a machine and another machine. And between a human and another human. Or between groups of humans and machines, etc.
Using the same concepts to describe (mis)matches between delivered and expected added-value, it becomes simpler to understand how the solution works, or should work. This understanding is an essential step to make a plan for improving, or creating, the solution.